Introduction: As I have never taught an online
course, I am creating a module to an ESL listening/Speaking course for my IDP
project. In brief, my module will consist of the following parts:
I.
Learning
Objectives
II.
Video
(used outside existing materials)
III.
Assignment
#1 (written forum response)
IV.
Assignment
#2 (Fill out chart and create video/audio file)
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Part I:
Learning Objectives
In this module, you will be able to…
·
Identify that the regular past
tense has the three distinct sounds of [t], [d], and [Id] through comparing and
contrasting their own pronunciation with lecture content.
·
Apply the pronunciation rules of
the past tense “ed” sounds to identify and demonstrate sample verbs.
Part II: Video
and Transcript
In this week’s module, we will be looking at the
pronunciation of regular past tense. You already know that ED is added to the
end of a regular verb to create the past tense. However, you may not know that
this ED ending is pronounced in three different ways. Watch the following video
to learn the pronunciation rules and three different sounds of the past tense.
The end of the video discusses H-Deletion. You can disregard this content Once
you have finished watching the video, complete the assessments for this module.
If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to email me or send me a
message on blackboard. I’m here to help. J
PODCAST: PRONUNCIATIN
OF PAST TENSE VERBS
VIDEO TRANSCRIPT:
You may have noticed that in
English, past tense verbs with
an -ed ending are pronounced in three different ways:
·
[t]
·
[d] or
·
[Id].
For example, if I say the past
tense verb “walked“, as in, “I walked away,” what is the last sound that
you hear in the verb?
·
“Walked” [wakt]
1) The -ed verb ending sounds
like a [t], “Walked” [wakt], even though it ends in the letter “d”.
What do you hear when I say:
·
“smelled“, as in, “it
smelled bad.”
2) The -ed verb ending sounds
like a [d]: “smelled” [smeld]
And when I say, “visited”, as
in “I visited New York City”, how did I pronounce that “-ed” ending?
·
[Id] [vizitid].
3) The -ed verb ending sounds
like [ɪd], [vizitid].
*******
This lesson teaches you
the three rules that explain the differences in past tense
verb “-ed” pronunciation. But don’t be surprised if most Americans can’t
explain these rules to you! The truth is, Americans make these changes in sound
without even noticing.
Intro | Why the
Sound Changes
Place your fingertips on the
front of your neck, and pronounce the following words. What do you feel on
your fingers when you say the underlined sound?
·
vow
| fake (vvv | fff)
·
zebra
| snake (zzz | sss)
–> When we pronounce voiced sounds,
our vocal chords vibrate when we say those sounds. [v] [z].
Did you feel the vibration?
–> When we pronounce voiceless sounds,
our vocal chords do not vibrate. [f] [s]. No
vibration.
This vibration or lack of
vibration then carries forward to the following sound in the
word. Therefore, this vibration or lack of vibration explains why we pronounce
the past tense of verbs in three voiced orvoiceless ways: [t],
[d] or [Id].
1) [t] final sound
Verbs ending in voiceless
sounds [p, k, θ, f, s, ʃ, tʃ] cause the “-ed” ending to be pronounced
as thevoiceless [t] (with no vocal chord vibration).
Listen and Repeat
·
[p] “He popped a
balloon.” [papt]
·
[k] “They talked a
lot” [takt]
·
[θ] “th”: “She frothed a
cup of milk” [frawθt]
·
[f] “I laughed at
the movie.” [læft]
·
[s] “She kissed a
frog.” [kIst]
·
[ʃ] “sh”: “We brushed it
off.” [bruʃt]
·
[tʃ] “ch”: “I reached around
for it.” [riytʃt]
2) [d] final sound
Verbs ending in the voiced
sounds [b, g, ð, v, z, ʒ, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, r, l] cause
the “-ed” ending to be pronounced as a voiced [d].
Listen and Repeat
·
[b] “It bobbed up
and down.” [babd]
·
[g] “He begged her
to stay.” [bɛgd]
·
[ð] “She breathed loudly.”
[briyðd]
·
[v] “They loved it.”
[luvd]
·
[z] “We raised her
expectations.” [reyzd]
·
[dʒ] “They bridged the
gap.” [brIdʒd]
·
[m] “I claimed it
was mine.” [kleymd]
·
[n] “They banned new
members.” [bænd]
·
[ŋ] “She banged into
the chair.” [bæŋd]
·
[r] “He cleared it
up.” [kliyrd]
·
[l] “I rolled up
the paper.” [rowld]
3) [əd] or [ɪd] final sound
Verbs ending in the
sounds [t] or [d] will cause the “-ed” ending of a verb to
be pronounced as the syllable[əd] or [ɪd].
Listen
and Repeat
·
[t] “I visited the
Empire State Building.” [vɪzɪtəd]
·
[t] “She edited the
research paper.” [ɛdɪtɪd]
·
[d] “We ended the
game early.” [ɛndɪd]
·
[d] “He breaded the
chicken.” [brɛdɪd]
Why are these rules important?
Connected Speech [c+v]
These “-ed” pronunciation rules
are particularly important, because in English we connect our speech when
we have a word that:
·
ends in a consonant;
and
·
is followed by a word that
begins with a vowel.
In this case, the way you say
the verb’s “-ed” ending will be heard loudly and clearly.
Example
·
“He walked away”
[walkt] –> “He walk taway” [hiy
WAWK təWEY]
Did you hear that [t] in
“walked” clearly?
H-Deletion
The same rule of connected
speech [c+v] occurs when h-deletion causes
us to delete the “h” sound at the beginning of a word.
Example
·
“We raised her
expectations” [reyzd] –> “We raizd her expectations” –> “We raizdər
expectations”
We deleted the “h” in “her”,
then connected the speech from “raised” and “her”,
which became “raisder”.
Part III: Assignment
#1
A) Write a brief 200-250 word reaction to the video
answering the following questions in your response.
1. Did
you know these rules before?
2. Do
you have trouble recognizing (hearing) or making (speaking) these sounds?
3. Do
you think it is important to know these rules? Explain.
4. What
advice or activity can you suggest to the other student to help practice
hearing and making these sounds?
Assignment #1 Rubric
Assignment #1 is worth 15 points
Criteria
|
Good
|
Incomplete/late
|
Missing
|
Answers questions well-develop
points based on the video
|
7
|
4
|
0
|
Interacts twice with other
students discussion question
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
Replies as necessary to posts made
to his/her post
|
1
|
na
|
0
|
Initial message posted on or before due date
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
At least two responses posted on
or before due date (replies are not made on the same day, indicating an
ongoing involvement in the discussion).
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
Total ___/15
|
|||
Part III Assignment
#2
Directions: In order to complete this task, you will
need to write and speak. The writing part will consist of filling out the chart
below and the speaking part will require you to create and upload a
corresponding sound file. Follow the five steps below to complete the
assignment.
2.
Based on the video, fill in the chart below by writing the three phonetic
sounds for past tense pronunciation in the first column.
3.
Write three verb examples in the second column that correspond to the first column.
As least two of the examples should be your own and not examples from
the video.
4.
Using your phone or a recording device on your computer, create a short (1 to 3
minute) video or audio that explains your chart. The audio or video should
follow the steps below.
a) State your full name
b) State the section of the class
c) Read your completed chart
d) Thank the audience for listening
If you need help creating audio or video files for
Blackboard, please see Technology Troubleshooting on the main page of
the course.
4.
In Assignment Two, copy and paste your completed chart and
upload the corresponding audio or video.
5. Post your assignment there by XX/XX/XX
date before XX pm.
I. Sounds of the past tense “ed”
|
II. Three past tense verb
examples:
|
 [ ] |
___________ ____________ ___________
|
 [ ] |
___________ ____________ ___________
|
 [ ] |
___________ ____________ ___________
|
Assignment #2 Rubric
Assignment #2 is worth 15 points
Criteria
|
Good
|
Incomplete/late
|
Missing
|
Lists all three pronunciation
sounds in column one
|
3
|
1.5
|
0
|
Writes three verb examples that
include two independent samples (e.g. not from the video).
|
3
|
1.5
|
0
|
Creates a video/audio that has all
four parts, is clear, and demonstrates understanding of pronunciation rules.
|
7
|
4
|
0
|
Assignment posted on or before due
date
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
Total ___/15
|
|||
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